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Estrogen modulates the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and inflammatory cytokine
responses to endotoxin in women. / To determine whether
estrogen has similar effects in humans, we studied the
cytokine and HPA responses to a low dose of endotoxin (2--3
ng/kg) in six postmenopausal women with and without
transdermal E2 (0.1 mg) replacement. / Estrogen also
attenuated the endotoxin-induced release of IL-6 (P = 0.02),
IL-1 receptor antagonist (P = 0.003), and TNF-alpha (P =
0.04). Mean cytokine levels with and without E2 replacement
peaked at 341 +/- 94 pg/mL vs. 936 +/- 620 pg/mL for IL-6,
82 +/- 14 ng/mL vs. 133 +/- 24 ng/mL for IL-1 receptor
antagonist, and 77 +/- 46 pg/mL vs. 214 +/- 87 pg/mL for
TNF-alpha, respectively.